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Excess growth hormone produced by an adenoma leads to the condition known as acromegaly. This condition is characterized by the abnormal growth of bones and tissues, primarily affecting the hands, feet, and face. In adults, the continuous excessive secretion of growth hormone stimulates the liver to produce insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), which promotes growth in various tissues. The hallmark features of acromegaly include enlarged extremities, facial changes (such as a protruding jaw and enlarged nose), and thickened skin.

While other listed conditions relate to growth and bone issues, they arise from different causes. Achondroplasia is a genetic disorder affecting cartilage formation, leading to dwarfism. Osteogenesis imperfecta, known as "brittle bone disease," is a genetic condition resulting in fragile bones due to collagen defects. Paget's disease involves abnormal bone remodeling and is not directly linked to growth hormone levels but rather to the disruption in the normal process of bone turnover. Thus, acromegaly is specifically caused by excessive growth hormone from adenomas, making it the correct answer.